Решавање локацијских проблема у функцији оптимизације ангажовања полицијских ресурса

Abstract

Када се бира локација полицијске станице, полицијских одељења, безбедносних пунктова и сл., одређују границе безбедносних сектора односно позорничких и патролних рејона, руководиоци организационих јединица полиције често се сусрећу са локацијским проблемима. Постоји више модела који се користе за решавање локацијских проблема чија примена је, пре свега, условљена карактеристикама проблема који се решава. У раду се говори о моделима намењеним за решавање локацијских проблема код којих је лоцирање објеката дозвољено само у одређеним тачкама (дискретни локацијски проблеми) и то: моделима базираним на близини и моделима покривања. Такође, у раду се даје кратак осврт на могућности географских информационих система (ГИС) као средства подршке одлучивању у поступку изналажења оптималног модела коришћења расположивих ресурса. Своје излагање, аутори илуструју практичним примером примене модела максималног покривања интегрисаног у ГИС софтверски алат, а у циљу оптимизације употребе (ангажовања) полицијских ресурса.

Performing the police organization's tasks continuously and efficiently is often determined by the disposition of adequate resources. Resource shortage is often a limiting factor of the successful policing. In this regard, the police organization's managers are striving to find a resource deployment model which will enable optimal territory coverage. Ultimately this resource deployment model should enable that in case of the emergency, a police officer is in the right place at the right time, ready and capable of protecting citizens and their property. When selecting the location of the police stations, police checkpoints, determining the boundaries of the police sectors, police beats and patrol areas, police managers often encounter location problems. Solving location problems, often entails their experience and intuition. Although intuitive decision making is not inherently wrong, given the complexity of the environment at which the police exists, it does not guarantee making quality decisions. In this regard, managing a modern police organization needs application of a systematic, scientific approach to decision making. In this context, the use of advanced analytical techniques under the realm of the discipline operational research, could benefit to the better decision making. There are several models that are used to solve the location problems. Their application is primarily determined by the characteristics of the problem to be solved. The paper discusses two location problem solving models in which the location of objects is allowed only at certain points (so called discrete location problems). Those models are: models based on proximity and covering models. Also, the authors make a brief overview of the GIS visualization capabilities stating pointing out the benefits of its integration with location problems solving models. Authors discuss three practical scenarios from everyday police practice in order to illustrate the usage of the one of discussed model - maximum covering models - integrated into a GIS software tool, and used in order to optimize deployment of the police patrol resources. Main conclusions from this paper are: (1) solving location problems in GIS environment could be beneficial because of its unique data visualization capabilities that could help spotting discrepancies of the questioned police patrol covering models, their subsequent correction and finally, GIS integrated location-allocation tools could provide their assessment. (2) Optimal coverage of the police juridiction is often caused by a number of factors that determine the scope, structure and the way the resources are deployed, and the decision on the optimal patrol resource allocation model can often require more than just solving location problems. (3) Given the current trends in the contemporary police decision making field, the dynamics of everyday police practices, and frequent need for a quick decision making, solving location problems and general application of the optimization research should be given more importance in domestic police practice.